Tips for Examination of Network Software Design

Question distribution

10 choice questions(20%)
10 true or false questions(20%)
6 essay questions(60%)

Examation contains three parts: Network & Design & Programming

Network

IP address:
public address: an IP address that can be accessed over the Internet. And your public IP address is the globally unique and can be found, and can only be assigned to a unique device.
private IP address: The devices with private IP address will use your router’s public IP address to communicate. Note that to allow direct access to a local device which is assign a private IP address, a Network Address Translator(NAT) should be used.
how to compute total ip address in a subnet:
transform ip address into binary address.
count zero from tail to first one.
subtract 2(reserve address and broadcast address)
Port(some default ports for common protocol):
http: 80
https: 443
ntp: 123
ssh/tcp: 22
mongoDB: 27017
DNS: 53
FTP: 21
Telnet: 23

DNS(duplicated):The Domain Name System(DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet.

DNS translate domain names to IP address so browsers can load Internet resources.
DNS is hierarchical with a few authoritative serves at the top level.
Your router or ISP provides information about DNS server to contact when doing a look up.
Low level DNS servers cache mappings, which could become stale due to DNS propagation delays.
DNS results can also be cached by your browser or OS for a certain period of time, determined by the time to live(TTL)

CDN(duplicated):
Definition: CDN(Content dilivery network/Content distributed network) is a geographically distributed network of proxy servers and their data centers. The goal is to distribute service spatially relative to end-users to provide high availability and high performance.
Improve performance in two ways:
Users receive content at data centers close to them.
Your servers do not have to serve requests that the CND fulfills.
Main routing protocol:
OSPF(Open Shortest Path First): OSPF is an interior gateway protocal.
IS-IS(Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System): It is just like OSPF. IS-IS associates routers into areas of intra-area and inter-area.
BGP(Border Gateway Protocol): It is used as the edge of your network. BGP constructs a routing table of networks reachable among Autonomous Systems(AS) number defined by the user.

Design

- software requirements analysis: not key point

main principles and key technologies for High concurrency programming.(duplicated)
Security, or correctness, is when a program executes concurrently with the expected results
The visibility
The order
The atomic
Activeness: Program must confront to deadlocks and livelocks
Performance: Less context switching, less kernel calls, less consistent traffic, and so on.
generic phases of software engineering
Requirements analysis
Software Design
Implementation
Verification/Testing
Deployment
Maintenance
Agile Development(duplicated)
Agile Values:
Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
Working software over comprehensive documentation
Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
Responding to change over following a plan
Agile Methods:
Frequently deliver small incremental units of functionality
Define, build, test and evaluate cycles
Maximize speed of feedback loop

Programming

MVC(model-view-controller) model:
MVC is an architectural pattern commonly used for developing user interfaces and allowing for effcient code reuse and paraller development.
Model[probe]: an object carrying data. It can also have logic to update controller if its data changes.
View[frontend]: it can be any output representation of information, such as chart or a diagram.
Controller[backend]: accpet input and converts it to commands for the model or view
NoSQL database(duplicated):
NoSQL is Not only SQL, it has the advantages below:
Not using the relational model nor the SQL language. It is a collection of data items represented in a key-value store, document-store, wide column store, or a graph database.
Designed to run on large clusters
No schema
Open Source
NoSQL properties in detail:
Flexible scalability
Dynamic schema of data
Efficient reading
Cost saving
NoSQL Technologies:
MapReduce programming model
Key-value stores
Document databases
Column-family stores
Graph databases
Websocket(duplicated):
WebSocket is a computer communications protocal, providing Bidirectional full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP connection and it is defined in RFC6445.
WebSocket is a different protocol from HTTP. Both protocols are located at layer 7 in the OSI model and depend on TCP at layer 4.
The WebSocket protocol enables interaction between a web client and a web server with lower overheads, facilitating real-time data transfer from and to the server.
working progress
There are four main functions in Tornado
open(): Invoked when a new websocket is opened.
on_message(message): Handle incoming messages on the WebSocket
on_close(): Invoke when the WebSocket is closed.
write_message(message): Sends the given message to the client of this Web Socket.
Differences between git and svn:
Git is a distrubuted version control system; SVN is a non-distributed version control system.
Git has a centralized server and repository; SVN has non-centralized server and repository.
The content in Git is stored as metadata; SVN stores files of content.
Git branches are easier to work with than SVN branches.
Git does not have the global revision number feature like SVN has.
Git has better content protection than SVN,
Git was developed for Linux kernel by Linus Torvalds; SVN was deveploped by CollabNet.

Essay Questions

Main role of IP address, port, DNS, CDN for network software design

An internet Protocal address(IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocal for communication.
In computer networking, a port is an endpoint of communication and a logical construct that identifies a specific process or a type of network device.
DNS(Domain Name System) is a hierarchical decentralized naming system for computers connected to the Internet or a private network,
CDN(Content dilivery network/Content distributed network) is a geographically distributed network of proxy servers and their data centers. The goal is to distribute service spatially relative to end-users to provide high availability and high performance.

Difference between git and svn:

Git is a distrubuted version control system; SVN is a non-distributed version control system.
Git has a centralized server and repository; SVN has non-centralized server and repository.
The content in Git is stored as metadata; SVN stores files of content.
Git branches are easier to work with than SVN branches.
Git does not have the global revision number feature like SVN has.
Git has better content protection than SVN,
Git was developed for Linux kernel by Linus Torvalds; SVN was deveploped by CollabNet.

main principles and key technologies for High concurrency programming

Security, or correctness, is when a program executes concurrently with the expected results
The visibility
The order
The atomic
Activeness: Program must confront to deadlocks and livelocks
Performance: Less context switching, less kernel calls, less consistent traffic, and so on.

NoSQL and SQL database

RDBMS(Relational database management system)
A relational database like SQL is a collection of data items organized by tables. It has features below:
ACID is a set of properties of relational database transactions.
Atomicity: Each transaction is all or nothing
Consistency: Any transaction will bring the database from one valid state to server.
Isolation: Executing transaction has been committed, it will remain so.

NoSQL

NoSQL is Not only SQL, it has the advantages below:
Not using the relational model nor the SQL language. It is a collection of data items represented in a key-value store, document-store, wide column store, or a graph database.
Designed to run on large clusters
No schema
Open Source
NoSQL properties in detail:
Flexible scalability
Dynamic schema of data
Efficient reading
Cost saving
NoSQL Technologies:
MapReduce programming model
Key-value stores
Document databases
Column-family stores
Graph databases

SQL VS NoSQL

Relational data model VS Document data model
Structured data VS semi-structured data
strict schema VS dynamic/flexible schema
relational data VS Non-relational data

Websocket(working progress)

WebSocket is a computer communications protocal, providing Bidirectional full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP connection and it is defined in RFC6445.
WebSocket is a different protocol from HTTP. Both protocols are located at layer 7 in the OSI model and depend on TCP at layer 4.
The WebSocket protocol enables interaction between a web client and a web server with lower overheads, facilitating real-time data transfer from and to the server.
working progress
There are four main functions in Tornado
open(): Invoked when a new websocket is opened.
on_message(message): Handle incoming messages on the WebSocket
on_close(): Invoke when the WebSocket is closed.
write_message(message): Sends the given message to the client of this Web Socket.

Agile Development and scrum

Agile Values:
Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
Working software over comprehensive documentation
Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
Responding to change over following a plan

Agile Methods:

Frequently deliver small incremental units of functionality
Define, build, test and evaluate cycles
Maximize speed of feedback loop

Scrum is 3 roles:

Development Team
Product Owner
Scrum Master

Scrum is 4 events:

Sprint Planning
Daily Stand-up Meeting
Sprint Review
Sprint Retrospective

Scrum is 4 artifacts:

Product Backlog
Sprint Backlog
User Stories
Scrum Board

Explain how DNS work

Definition: The Domain Name System(DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet.

DNS translate domain names to IP address so browsers can load Internet resources.
DNS is hierarchical with a few authoritative serves at the top level.
Your router or ISP provides information about DNS server to contact when doing a look up.
Low level DNS servers cache mappings, which could become stale due to DNS propagation delays.
DNS results can also be cached by your browser or OS for a certain period of time, determined by the time to live(TTL)

Difference between docker and virtual host

Virtual Machine definition: Virtualization is the technique of importing a Guest operating system on top of a Host operating system.
Docker definition: A container image is a lightweight, stand-alone, executable package of a piece of software that includes everything needed to run it.
Docker is the service to run multiple containers on a machine (node) which can be on a vitual machine or on a physical machine.
A virtual machine is an entire operating system (which normally is not lightweight).

Difference between docker and virtual machine

Type of software test

Black Box testing: Black box testing is a software testing method where testers are not required to know coding or internal structure of the software. Black box testing method relies on testing software with various inputs and validating results against expected output.

White Box testing: White box testing strategy deals with the internal logic and structure of the code. The tests written based on the white box testing strategy incorporate coverage of the code written, branches, paths, statements and internal logic of the code etc.

Equivalence Partitioning:Equivalence Partitioning is also known as Equivalence Class Partitioning is a software testing technique and not a type of testing by itself. Equivalence partitioning technique is used in black box and gray box testing types. Equivalence partitioning classifies test data into Equivalence classes as positive Equivalence classes and negative Equivalence classes, such classification ensures both positive and negative conditions are tested.

Explain how CDN work

Definition: CDN(Content dilivery network/Content distributed network) is a geographically distributed network of proxy servers and their data centers. The goal is to distribute service spatially relative to end-users to provide high availability and high performance.
Improve performance in two ways:
Users receive content at data centers close to them.
Your servers do not have to serve requests that the CND fulfills

To minimize the distance between the visitors and your website’s server, a CDN stores a cached version of its content in multiple geographical locations (a.k.a., points of presence, or PoPs). Each PoP contains a number of caching servers responsible for content delivery to visitors within its proximity.

In essence, CDN puts your content in many places at once, providing superior coverage to your users. For example, when someone in London accesses your US-hosted website, it is done through a local UK PoP. This is much quicker than having the visitor’s requests, and your responses, travel the full width of the Atlantic and back.

CDN